[WORLD EXPERIENCE: HOW THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRINCIPLES OF ACADEMICIAN OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES OF THE USSR N. A. SEMASHKO HELPED ICELAND TO CREATE ONE OF THE MOST EFFECTIVE HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS IN THE WORLD. PART 1. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW].

Annotation. The review article is devoted to the healthcare system of Iceland, which demonstrates some of the best indicators of public health in the world at relatively low costs for a developed European country. The successful experience of Icelandic healthcare is important for Russia, on the one hand, due to the proximity of this country to many Russian regions in terms of climatic and geographical location, demography and territorial development. On the other hand, the success of Iceland's healthcare is closely linked to the development of a model, in many ways similar to the Soviet model of Nikolai Semashko, which Russia has abandoned. The authors believe that Iceland's experience can be used in the modernization of regional healthcare systems in Eastern Siberia, the Far East and the Arctic, as well as Russian healthcare in general.

[WORLD EXPERIENCE: HOW THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PRINCIPLES OF ACADEMICIAN OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES OF THE USSR N. A. SEMASHKO HELPED ICELAND TO CREATE ONE OF THE MOST EFFECTIVE HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS IN THE WORLD. PART 2. PRINCIPLES FUNCTIONING OF THE ICELANDIC HEALTH SYSTEM].

Annotation. The review article is devoted to the healthcare system of Iceland, which demonstrates some of the best indicators of public health in the world at relatively low costs for a developed European country. The successful experience of Icelandic healthcare is important for Russia, on the one hand, due to the proximity of this country to many Russian regions in terms of climatic and geographical location, demography and territorial development. On the other hand, the success of Iceland's healthcare is closely linked to the development of a model, in many ways similar to the Soviet model of Nikolai Semashko, which Russia has abandoned. The authors believe that Iceland's experience can be used in the modernization of regional healthcare systems in Eastern Siberia, the Far East and the Arctic, as well as Russian healthcare in general.

[On the history of formation and characteristics of development of the chair of social hygiene, the first one in Russia].

The purpose of the study is to analyze changes occurred, against the background of social challenges, in functioning of the Chair of Social Hygiene since its establishment in 1922 at the Faculty of Medicine of the I Moscow State University to the present time at the N. A. Semashko Chair of Public Health and Health Care at the Sechenov University. The historical method was applied to analyze the documents from the Moscow Central State Archive, the N. A. Semashko Chair of Public Health and Health Care and published materials from eLibrary.ru and the Central Scientific Medical Library for 100-year period.

[On the need to train medical specialists to work in the conditions of the introduction of remote technologies].

The development of telemedicine and the provision of medical care using remote technologies requires appropriate competencies and skills from medical specialists, the formation of which is an important task of adapting educational systems to modern challenges and responding to requests from both medical staff and patients. Based on the analysis of foreign scientific publications, the paper considers the assessment of the need to train medical workers in remote work with patients and the prospects for the introduction of telemedicine consultations into everyday professional practice. It is concluded that having more knowledge about which aspects of medicine are best combined with telemedicine, it is important to train future medical professionals in the use of these technologies and the provision of these types of medical care. Doctors should not only be trained in the use of telemedicine, but also learn how to do it professionally, safely and on the basis of evidence.

[The Constituent and Second Sessions of the General Meeting of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1944-1945) and tasks of the Soviet medicine in post-war period].

The article presents the materials of the 1st and 2nd sessions of the General Meeting of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (1944 and 1945). The comparative analysis of main tasks set at these sessions for the Soviet medical science and practical public health is implemented. It is demonstrated that if the 1st session of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (December 20-22, 1944) was devoted, in addition to organizational tasks, to formulation of main directions in development of fundamental (morphology, physiology, biochemistry, etc.), and practical (surgery, therapy, obstetrics, etc.) medicine, then at the 2nd session (October 28 - November 2, 1945) scientists and medical workers of the USSR were tasked to eliminate sanitary consequences of the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) and to restore health of population of the country.

[THE AGE-RELATED FEATURES OF THE MORBIDITY OF THE POPULATION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC].

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to changes in all medical and demographic indicators, including changes in the incidence of the population. The article provides an analysis of the age characteristics of the primary morbidity of the population in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic. A pattern has been determined: the highest rates of primary morbidity in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic (for 2020) were determined in the age group older than working age. It was in this group that the highest incidence rates of COVID-19 were established. On the contrary, a comparative analysis of the primary morbidity of children (0-14 years old) in Russia as a whole in the «pre-pandemic¼ year (2019) and in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic (2020) showed a decrease in the level of this indicator by 13.9% (from 172455.1 to 148537.7 per 100 thousand population, р < 0.05). Among the child population, 1208.3‱ cases of COVID-19 were registered. Thus, in the Central Federal District, the indicators of primary morbidity of children were lower than the general.

[DECREASE IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND WEIGHT GAIN DURING QUARANTINE COVID-19].

Despite the fact that the coronavirus pandemic has almost disappeared, its consequences will be a problem for national health systems, medical institutions and individual citizens for a long time to come. During the period of quarantine measures, which were the main form of social distancing and a measure to counteract the spread of the disease, many people practicing a healthy lifestyle, sports and just moderate physical activity were forced to significantly reduce their physical education practice. As a result, many of them faced the problem of weight gain.The article examines the quantitative and qualitative aspects of this problem through the prism of sociological research by international analytical agencies.

[Vladimir Nikititch Vinogradov (1882-1964): the leader of Soviet therapists].

The article reconstructs and describes, considering as a background the social political events that took place in the USSR during 1930s-1950s, the scientific biography and input into clinical medicine of professor V. N. Vinogradov (1882-1964), the prominent Soviet therapist, the Hero of Socialist Labor, the USSR State Prize winner (posthumously), the holder of five Orders of Lenin, the Honored Man of Science, the Head of the Chairs of Faculty Therapy of the I. V. Stalin Second Moscow State Medical Institute (1935-1942) and the I. M. Sechenov First Moscow Medical (1943-1964), the full member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. The facts of participation of V. N. Vinogradov in the political trials on "The case of the Trotskyst block" (1938, on the side of the prosecution) and on "The case of physicians" (1952-1953, as the accused one) are presented. The issues of existence of the scientific clinical school of V. N. Vinogradov (in a sense, the united school of V. N. Vinogradov-V. G. Popov can be considered) and the phenomenon of leadership of V. N. Vinogradov among the therapeutic elite of the USSR are discussed. This phenomenon consists in dedication to the cause he served and in consecutive implementation of the priority directions of the clinic of internal diseases, developed by the teams of the departments and clinics headed by him in different years.

[The scientific practical input of academician N. O. Milanov in development of national plastic surgery: To the Seventieth anniversary].

Nikolai Olegovich Milanov, the academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, leading Russian surgeon, Merited Scientist of the Russian Federation, is one of the pioneers of development of reconstructive microsurgery in our country. He made immense contribution to development of modern plastic and reconstructive microsurgery. He is the author of unique developments that inputted significantly into successive achievements in treatment of traumatic and iatrogenic tissue defects and congenital pathology. The priority areas of his research were replantation of fingers, hands and larger segments of limbs in adults and lower extremities in children, abjuncted because of wheeled traumas, auto-transplantation of revasculized tissue complexes in post-traumatic, congenital and acquired pathologies in adults and children, in oncologic diseases, in extensive tracheal defects, reconstructive microsurgery of blood and lymph vessels and peripheral nerves, reconstructive microsurgery in male and female infertility. He introduced to clinical practice great number of new surgical interventions based on micro-surgical auto-transplantation of various tissue complexes. He achieved brilliant successes in scientific and practical activities during 39 years of work. He was the first in the world who underwent a successful re-implantation of lower limb, amputated at the level of upper third of leg by train wheel in 2.5-year-old child. He also was the first surgeon who performed unique operation of simultaneous replantation of two limbs, amputated at the level of middle third of leg in 7-year-old child. N. O. Milanov used the micro-surgical technique of applying direct lymphatic venous anastomoses in lymphatic edema. He developed innovative methods of multiple transplantation of toes to hand and transplantation of omentum, for example, to close defects of the scalp in basal cell carcinoma. This brilliant surgeon can be called the founder of clinical auto-transplantology. He actively participated in resolving problem of "prefabrication" of various tissue complexes with desired properties for their subsequent auto-transplantation. Under the direction of N. O. Milanov, the new scientific school was formed that included such well-known surgeons as R. T. Adamyan, A. I. Nerobeev, I. V. Reshetov and many others.

[The academician N. N. Burdenko - the participant of four wars (to the seventy fifth Anniversary of victory in the Great Patriotic War)].

On the eve of the 75th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War, one should recall the great neurosurgeon, scientist, organizer of military medical science, founder of prominent scientific school, academician N. N. Burdenko. His first experience as direct participant in warfare occurred in 1904 when he was medical student. He went through four wars being permanently at the front line. He carried out extremely complicated surgery operations, improved medical care and organized evacuation of the wounded. During the Great Patriotic War 1941 -1945, he, being the chief surgeon of the Red Army, headed all activities of organization of surgical care, came out to the troops, trained military surgeons to emergency interventions, developed teaching of wound, developed methods of surgical treatment of blood vessels, traumatic shock, introduced application of antibiotics (penicillin and gramicidin), developed methods of surgical treatment of oncologic diseases of central and vegetative nervous system, improved technique of surgical interventions on spinal cord roots as well as on cerebellum, bulbectomy operations, etc. The academician N. N. Burdenko as Stalin Prize laureate, became one of founders and the first President of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. The contribution of academician N. N. Burdenko in the cause of victory in The Great Patriotic War is priceless.

[The creative course of life of academician I. D. Strashun].

The article is devoted to the academician I. D. Strashun, constitutor of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, prominent scientist, hygienist, historian of medicine and notable specialist in the field of medical education and health care organization. During the years of restoration of national economy after the end of the Great Patriotic War, the extremely important issue in the activity of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR was implementation of ideological political work with scientists, also supposing unmasking false scientists worshiping bourgeois science. The academician I. D. Strashun too got into millstones of the "struggle against cosmopolitanism". The article uses materials from the personal files of academician I. D. Strashun belonging to the scientific archive of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences.

[The constituent session of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. The third day (December 22 1944)].

The article considers the third day of the Constituent Session of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (the USSR AMS) held on December 22, 1944. In the beginning, the Presidium of the Academy was elected. After the elections, the full members of the AMS - representatives of various medical specialties spoke. Each of them presented one's vision of development of medicine. Among speakers were A. V. Palladin, V. P. Osipov, M. S. Malinovsky, F. G. Krotkov, V. F. Zelenin, N. I. Grashchenkov, V. P. Filatov, Ya. O. Parnas, V. V. Parin, P. G. Sergiev and N. N. Burdenko. The most informative reports on the tasks of development of the AMS in the forthcoming future were made by V. V. Parin and N. N. Burdenko. The main content of this development was supposed to support synthesis of applied and fundamental knowledge in the AMS and the connection of scientific achievements and without practice. The process of establishment of the USSR AMS lasted exactly 2 years and was finalized this very day. The seventy-year history of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences the RAMS has begun.

[The constituent session of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. The second day (December 21, 1944)].

The article describes and analyzes the second day of the Constituent Session of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences held on December 21, 1944, during which the elections of academic - secretaries and members of the bureau of branches took place at three parallel meetings. I. P. Razenkov was elected the academician-secretary of the department of biomedical sciences (OMBN), V. F. Zelenin - оf the Department of Clinical Medicine (OKM) , F. G. Krotkov - of the Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Epidemiology (OGME). The surprise was the election of V. F. Zelenin as the OKM academician- secretary instead of N. I. Grashchenkov. Directors of 5 out of 8 OMBN institutes, 5 out of 10 OKM and 2 out of 7 OGME institutes were also approved. Total - 12 out of 25. The composition of the Presidium of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR was also discussed, the election of which was postponed to December 22. The question of by-election of full members (40 people) and corresponding members (200 members) was resolved and postponed to the next session of the General Assembly of the Academy (1945).

[The constituent session of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. The first day (December 20, 1944)].

The article describes and analyzes the first day of the Constituent Session of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences held on December 20, 1944. During this meeting the People's Commissar of Health of the USSR, G. A. Miterev, academicians A. I. Abrikosov and L. A. Orbeli, the full member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences S. S. Yudin made their speeches devoted to organizational tasks facing the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences during the war and post-war time, as well as to questions of morphology and physiology that require priority attention. The Yudin's report was emotional, patriotic and reflected the achievements of Soviet surgery in the mid-twentieth century. Analysis of the reports demonstrated that they contained many provisions that influenced the further development of medicine and public health in the USSR.

[The Organization of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences: Stage I. The Decree of the USSR Council of People's Commissars "On Establishment of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences" (June 30, 1944)].

The activities of the Secretariat of K. E. Voroshilov, the Deputy Chairman of the USSR Council of People's Commissars during June 1944 resulted in adoption of the Charter of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, lists of academic research institutes, lists of candidates to full and honorary members of the Academy and other documents (the USSR Council of People's Commissars Decree # 797 of June 30 1944). The Charter had such peculiarities as electiveness of the top official of the Academy by the General Meeting under organizational and financial control of the USSR Council of People's Commissars. The organized Academy consisted on 60% of the USSR central research institutes and only on 40% of theoretical and clinical departments of the All-Union Institute of Experimental Medicine. At that, out of 38 institutes that the USSR Council of People's Commissars expected to re-subordinate to the Academy, only 25 were included into final choice basically at the expense of reduction of number of clinical institutes. The final version of the list of candidates to full members of the Academy included 56 names instead of 80 and the list of honorary members increased from 10 to 18. At relatively equal scientific deserts preference was given to personalities aged of 50-70 years (90,5%), Russians by nationality (80%), males (97%), residing in the Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic (88%). The average age of candidates was 61 year, candidates to honorary academicians - 74 years, and 74% 0f candidates to members of Academy were unaffiliated. The leading role in organization of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences at the first stage, including its adoption played K. E. Voroshilov who was involved both in organization, development and reorganization of the A. M. Gorky All-Union Institute of Experimental Medicine. in 1932-1944 and preparation, including endorsement and editing of all package on needed documents to be presented at the meetings of the Politburo of the Central Committee of C. P.S. U.(B.) of June 29 1944 and the USSR Council of People's Commissars of June 30 1944.

[Two Concepts of Organization of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (January-February 1944)].

Two conceptions of organization of the USSR Academy of medical sciences existed in January-February 1944. The conception of N.N. Burdenko, the chairman of the Scientific medical council of the USSR Narkomzdrav reflected views of national scientific medical elite of those times about state of theoretical medicine of middle of XX century and exactly its development was considered as main strategic task of future Academy. N.N. Burdenko considered the Academy as a structure subordinated to the USSR Sovnarkom and having equal rights with the Narkomzdrav but as opposed to it in more degree developing theoretical than practical issues of medicine. The conception of G.A. Miterev, the Narkom of health care, substantiated necessity of organization of the Academy of medical sciences mainly by practical causes and concrete tasks of the Soviet health care. G.A. Miterev, as opposed to N.N. Burdenko, proposed organization subordinated to the USSR Narkomzdrav and resolving besides theoretical issues, merely practical ones according tasks of his department.

[The Organization of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences: Stage II. From the Decree of the USSR Council of People's Commissars «On Establishment of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences¼ to the Establishment Session of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences (July-December 1944)].

The second stage of organization of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences started in the end of July 1944 by establishment of the Academy and was over December 20 1944 when took place the First establishment session of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. The Decree of the USSR Council of People's Commissars of June 30 1944 the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences was only established but not organized since documents once more presented November 14 1944 for approval to the USSR Council of People's Commissars were repeatedly revised. The maximal editing was applied to the listing of membership of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. No alterations were applied to listing of academic institutes since June 30 1944. However, their directors could become only full members of the Academy approved in November 1944.

[The becoming of public medicine in the second half of XVIII-first half of XIX centuries. Report IV. The state-run activities supporting healthy conditions of life, nutrition and occupational activities].

The present report considers the activities of governmental authorities of European countries in the area of implementation of the concept of medical police. The target was to apply concrete activities concerning support of healthy conditions of life, nutrition and occupational activities of population of particular countries. The article considers the issues of application of sanitary education, sanitation and improvement of cities, liquidation of dumps, cemeteries and cesspits within the city limits, provision of population with sufficient amount of food and establishment of control of food quality, development and application of factory legislation, limitation of quarantine measures, implementation of specific measures of preventing diseases of smallpox and syphilis.

[The becoming of public medicine in the second half of XVIII-first half of XIX centuries. Report II. The development of public systems of training of medical manpower and charity provision to socially unprotected groups of population].

The present report considers the history of becoming of concept of medical police in second half of XVIII century. This concept became one of the most important instruments of public management in Austria, France, Prussia and Russia. Two directions of activity of public authorities in the area of implementation of medical police are discussed i.e. control of frauds and development of public systems of training of medical manpower and charity provision to socially unprotected groups of population. The historiographical data is presented concerning the development of public systems of training of medical manpower, reform of university medical education, implementation of hospital reform.

[The becoming of public medicine in the second half of XVIII--first half of XIX centuries: report. V. The main results of implementation of concept of medical police].

The article considers the main political, social, economic and scientific aftermath of practical realization of concept of medical police in late XVIII--seventieth years of XIX centuries. The issues of cardinal reformation of hygiene and its selection as an independent scientific discipline are analyzed in detail. The issues related to becoming of epidemiology are discussed too.